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锂离子电池凭借其高能量密度、轻量化设计以及高输出功率等显著优势，在众多领域得到了广泛应用。但目前，其在实际应用中仍存在一些亟待突破的技术瓶颈，主要表现在能量密度相对过低、低温性能较差等方面。为攻克这些难题，诸多研究学者围绕电池原料组分开展系列研究工作。正极材料作为锂离子电池的核心组成部分，对电池整体性能有着至关重要的影响。在众多正极材料中，磷酸铁锂凭借其独特的性能以及成本优势，被认为是最具发展潜力的材料之一。概述了制备磷酸铁锂材料的多种前驱体原料，根据原料特性介绍了一些主流生产工艺流程；梳理了现阶段主要的磷酸铁锂制备技术，对比分析了不同技术之间的优缺点以及各自的适用场景，为实际生产中的技术方案选择提供了依据；总结了磷酸铁锂产品性能优化的多种改性策略；剖析了磷酸铁锂制备过程中存在的技术难题，明确了磷酸铁锂制备工艺的重点研究方向。研究成果对于改善磷酸铁锂产品质量、提升锂离子电池性能具有一定的借鉴意义。
Abstract：Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have achieved widespread application across diverse fields, ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage, owing to their numerous advantages such as high energy density, lightweight design, and robust high output power. However, there are still technical challenges to overcome for wider practical use. These limitations are primarily manifested in relatively inferior energy density relative to theoretical demands and markedly poor low-temperature performance, which severely impacts efficiency and reliability in cold climates. To overcome these persistent hurdles, some scholars have conducted a series of studies on the composition of battery raw materials. Among the core components, the cathode material is paramount, exerting a decisive influence on the battery′s overall capacity, voltage, cycle life and safety. Within the spectrum of available cathode chemistries, lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO4 or LFP) has emerged as a leading contender for sustainable development, distinguished by its exceptional thermal and chemical stability, long cycle life, inherent safety, and compelling cost-effectiveness. This comprehensive review systematically examined the landscape of LFP cathode technology. It began by outlining the diverse precursor raw materials essential for LFP synthesis and introduced some mainstream production processes based on the characteristics of the raw materials. Subsequently, it detailed the mainstream production methodologies primarily categorized into solid-state and liquidphase routes(including co-precipitation, sol-gel, and hydrothermal synthesis). It provided a detailed overview of the current main lithium iron phosphate preparation technologies, comparing and analyzing their respective advantages, disadvantages, and optimal application scenarios, and providing a foundational framework for selecting the most suitable technique based on specific production requirements and constraints. Furthermore, the paper synthesized key modification and optimization strategies employed to enhance LFP performance, such as carbon coating, nanostructuring, and lattice doping with metal ions, elucidating their mechanisms for improving electronic/ionic conductivity and rate capability. Building upon this foundation, it delved into the long-standing technical challenges in the preparation of lithium iron phosphate, focusing specifically on established mainstream process routes, and outlining future research and development directions for lithium iron phosphate preparation processes. This review presents conclusions that lay a scientific foundation for optimizing the electrochemical performance and overall quality of lithium iron phosphate materials. The aim is to improve the core performance indicators of lithium-ion batteries, including energy density, tap density, and cycle life.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.20239/j.issn.1671-9492.2025.07.002
中图分类号:TM912
引用信息:
[1]丁静,张小龙,邵红雷,等.磷酸铁锂正极材料制备研究进展与展望[J].有色金属(选矿部分),2025(07):11-20.DOI:10.20239/j.issn.1671-9492.2025.07.002.
基金信息:
地球深部探测与矿产资源勘查国家科技重大专项(2024ZD1003406)
2025-07-07
2025-07-07
2025-07-07